Chapters 2-5 Test Hints

This list is not all inclusive. Study your quizzes, quiz hints, and, of course, your free response questions. Good luck!!

Know what an isotope is.
Know what atomic mass is.
Know what atomic weight is.
Know what electronegativity is. Be able to give examples of atoms that are electronegative.
Know what covalent bonds are. Be able to give examples.
Know what a polar covalent bond is. Be able to give examples.
Know what a non-polar covalent bond is. Be able to give examples.
Know about the polar nature of water. Short video summary.
Know what a hydrogen bond is and how it is formed. Know where it is typically found in living systems.
Know all the different characteristics of water that are due to the hydrogen bond. Know how the hydrogen bond contributes to their unique characteristics, i.e. surface tension, specific heat, etc.
Know what a buffer is and why they are important in living things.
Know what is meant by hydrophobic and hydrophilic. Know why molecules are either one of these.
Know the six functional groups.
Know how monomers form polymers. What is the name of the reaction? What is produced as a result (besides the polymer).
What is the name of the reaction that breaks down polymers? What is required to make it happen?
Know which of the four groups of macromolecules form polymers. Know what the monomers are and how they form polymers.
Be able to recognize a saturated and unsaturated fatty acid. Know why they are different.
Be able to recognize a cholesterol molecule and/or a derivative of the cholesterol. What group of macromolecules is this classified as? Why? Know the derivatives of cholesterol.
Be able to distinguish between the three most famous polymers of carbohydrates: starch, cellulose, glycogen. Know what their function is. Know how they look on a molecular level. Know what kind of bonding they have and how this affects the way they are used.
Be able to draw an amino acid and be able to label the functional groups.
Be able to show how a peptide bond is formed.
Know the difference between primary, secondary, tertiary, and quaternary structure. How are they different from one another?
Know the differences between RNA and DNA.
What is the monomer from which RNA and DNA are made? What are the three things that make up this monomer?
Understand the difference between the linear and ringed structures of monosaccharides. Realize that when they form rings the first carbon does not form a ring with the last carbon, but with the penultimate carbon. Know that the ringed configuration can be one of two types- alpha and beta. Know the difference. Know that when polysaccharides are formed from monosaccharides, whether there is an alpha or beta bond has huge ramifications.
Know the names and basic chemistry of common monosaccharides (length of carbon chain), whether it is an aldose or ketose: glucose, fructose, galactose.
Know the names and basic chemistry of common disaccharides (what two monosaccharides they are made from, etc. ) sucrose, maltose, lactose.
Remember what chitin is.