Please note: During this ENTIRE YEAR if you are asked to include illustrations in a free response question you MUST draw it by hand, you MAY NOT copy and paste it in a document using the internet.

1. Describe the chemistry of carbohydrates. Discuss the linear versus ring structure of glucose and the significance of the alpha and beta configuration (fig 5.4 & 5.7). Draw the difference between the linear and ring structure. Draw the difference between alpha and beta configuration. Be sure to include a description of the difference between monosaccharides, disaccharides, and polysaccharides- be able to give an example of each. Distinguish between carbohydrates that are involved in energy storage and structural functions, as an example explain the similarity and difference between starch and cellulose (fig 5.7). Draw a diagrammatic representation of starch versus cellulose.

2. Describe the chemistry of lipids. Draw the structure of a triglyceride and identify the different parts of the molecule and how they function, i.e. distinguish between glycerol unit and the fatty acid unit (fig. 5.10). Identify the difference between a saturated and unsaturated fatty acid and the biological significance of these different molecular structures (fig. 5.11). Draw the structure of a phospholipid and identify the different parts of the molecule, i.e. phosphate, glycerol, fatty acid (fig. 5.12). Be able to identify the hydrophobic and hydrophilic parts and explain why they have this chemical nature. Explain how phospholipids function to form cell membranes (fig. 5.13) and draw a picture of what it looks like.

3. Describe the chemistry of proteins. Draw the chemical structure of an amino acid, label the two functional groups and the “R” group. Show how two amino acids form a peptide bond (fig. 5.16). What is the name of the reaction that forms a peptide bond?
Explain the four levels of protein structure:
a. Explain what is meant by the primary structure of proteins.
b. Explain what is meant by the secondary structure of proteins. What is an alpha helix? Draw a picture of an alpha helix. What is a beta pleated sheet? Draw a picture of a beta pleated sheet. What is chemically “responsible” for these two secondary structures (fig 5.20)? Give an example of a protein that makes extensive use of alpha helix and beta pleated sheets.
c. Explain what is meant by the tertiary structure of proteins. Discuss all the chemical interactions that contribute to this structure (fig. 5.22). Draw a picture of a protein showing tertiary structure, labeling the chemical interactions that contribute to the tertiary structure. Give an example of a protein that is considered a tertiary protein.
d. Explain what is meant by the quaternary structure of proteins. What kinds of chemical interactions hold the subunits together? Give an example of a protein that is considered a quaternary protein. Draw a picture of a quaternary protein, labeling the interaction that holds the subunits together.

4. Describe the chemistry of nucleic acids. Draw the basic chemical structure of a nucleotide, label the three subunits: phosphate group, pentose sugar, nitrogenous base (fig 5.27b). Be able to describe the difference between deoxyribose sugar and ribose sugar. Distinguish between the nitrogenous bases: pyrimidines (know the names of all 3) and purines (know the names of the two); know which are 2 ringed structures and which are 1 ringed structures (fig. 5.27a). Know which are found in DNA and which are found in RNA. Draw a diagrammatic representation of how the nucleotide forms a polymer called a polynucleotide (fig 5.27c).